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Bank of Russia. EXPORTS AND OIL PRICE Chart 3 IMPORTS AND RUBLE EXCHANGE RATE Chart 4 $ bn % YoY $ bn % YoY 175 150 125 60 140

case of escalating trade tensions may have proinflationary effects through the ruble exchange rate dynamics. Disinflationary risks involve a more significant slowdown in lending growth

of sanctions were hindering international settlements and inducing spikes in the ruble exchange rate. These problems occurred not due to a lack of funding and,

case of escalating trade tensions may have proinflationary effects through the ruble exchange rate dynamics. Disinflationary risks involve a more significant slowdown in lending growth

and precious metals is converted to rubles using the period average USDRUB exchange rate. Source: Bank of Russia. Russia’s balance of payments indicators in

a level of the exchange rate. The exchange rate is defined by export revenues, import demand and interest rates. The exchange rate is also influenced

fuelled by income growth and mostly unrelated to credit. The effect of exchange rate pass- through to the prices of most services is also weaker

USD/RUB exchange rate spread calculated based on the over-the-counter quotations and the cross rate calculated using USD/CNY and USD/CNH exchange rates remained

Exchange Rate of US Dollar Against Ruble*...........................................................................................................73 3.2.2. Official Exchange Rate of Euro Against Ruble*.................................................................................................................. 75 3.2.3. Official Exchange Rate:

prices slowed down considerably, which was associated not only with the ruble exchange rate (to which they are more sensitive than the overall consumer price