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decarbonization of OUTCOMES OF carbon-intensive industries and VERIFIERS RECOMENDATIONS improving the environment- CO2 related aspects of their activities 13 APPROVED ORGANIZATIONS harmonized definition of the

the carbon intensity of electricity of 1 kg CO2 / kWh for coal and 0.4 kg CO2 / kWh for gas). Energy transition scenarios in Russia:

Furthermore, a carbon market is formed to trade emissions in tons of CO2 equivalent: companies that have reduced their emissions below the allowances act as

US$90 per ton of CO2 by 2030 and to a level of at least US$240 per ton of CO2 by 20502. If the

2020); Capasso et al. (2020); Okimoto and Takaoka (2022)) consider carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as the climate risk proxy. To capture the credit risk, some

the price of CO2 emissions (the price of carbon). Alternatively, under a carbon tax scheme, authorities specify a tax rate on CO2 emissions (the price

who advocated such a tax as high as $75 per tonne of CO2 equivalent by 2030.10 In a number of articles,11, 12 IMF

message that the data from sustainalytics.com correlates to that of CO2 emissions, but CO2 emissions should be preferred. There are several shortcomings in such

000 or more tons of CO2 per year before 1 January 2024 or 50,000 or more tons of CO2 per year after 1 January

years. Having compared these data against CO2 concentration measurements, he suggested that the observed warming was caused by higher CO2 atmospheric emissions. Guy Callendar was